Most Creative musician Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Most Creative musician - Essay Example His early career was spearheaded when he joined his brothers’ band called â€Å"The Jackson 5† in 1964. Michael Jackson is known for his famous creations in song, dance, and philanthropy. In his solo career, he released hit songs such as Beat It, Billie Jean, Thriller and Black or White, which became number one hit songs in the U. S. Billboards. These songs were important because they helped him break down the racial barriers at that time. Being black, he faced many challenges and racial prejudice that could have hindered his career advancement. Therefore, he chose to appeal to his audience through songs and eventually earned his place as the first black to have his music played in MTV. He also co-wrote a charity song with Lionel Richie in 1985 called â€Å"We Are the World.† The song was released globally to help create awareness on the degrading conditions that children born in poor families, in the United States and Africa faced. The song sold an estimated thi rty million copies and the money generated was distributed to various charitable foundations to help improve the lives of children suffering from hunger and diseases. As a result, he was awarded four Grammys for his philanthropic efforts. In addition, his creativity in dance is unrivaled. He is famous for creating complicated dance styles that he named â€Å"robot† and the â€Å"Moonwalk.† These styles, coupled with his white-sequined glove, became his signature styles. As a result, he earned himself a place in the Dance Hall of Fame as the first and only dance from pop and rock music. These dance styles still feature prominently in the work of current musicians, some with smaller variations. That notwithstanding, he established the Heal the World Foundation in 1992, which aimed at bringing underprivileged children or those who were terminally ill to his ranch to enjoy themselves on the park rides. He wanted to put a smile on such children who had little or nothing-goo d going for them in their lives (Lewis, 2013). Through his foundation, he donated millions globally to help support children in war-stricken countries, and supported thirty-nine charities. Unlike many famous celebrities who only think of furthering their ambitions, Michael Jackson chose to give back to the community and help alleviate hunger and disease in children round the globe. This, in my opinion, makes him exceptional. His other famous creations include his bestselling poetry book â€Å"Dancing the Dream† and his famous hit song â€Å"Man In the Mirror† through which he gives an insight into the kind of man he is, his personality and character (Huey, 2006). These were essential in aiding his fans know him and identifying with his music. Despite the many controversies that rocked his career in the mid-1990s such as changing his appearance and the child sexual abuse accusations, he remains the most successful entertainer of all time and the unrivaled â€Å"King of Pop.† All artists find inspiration from the creative surroundings chosen by them. A creative surrounding comprises of the physical environment, a feeling, or favorable circumstances that trigger the creativity of an artist. It is that which gives inspiration and helps formulate the idea that the artist has in mind for his work. A creative environment varies from one artist to another including spending more time in one’s own head, relaxing in a chair, going for a walk, daydreaming,

Applied research methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Applied methods - Research Proposal Example Opening up another store is a part of the rigorous expansion plan that the business has on its cards (http://www.debenhams.com). Debenhams plc is a UK based retailing business, operating as a departmental store within UK and across various countries. It is also listed at the LSE by the symbol DEB. The business was formed centuries back in 1778. As of April 2009, the company owned over 150 outlets and 40 franchises (http://www.debenhams.com). The revenues for the firm, for the year 2008, exceeded GBP 1.8 billion, while operating income was in excess of GBP 170 million; the net income figure remained over GBP 70 million, with an employee base of over 27,000 individuals (http://www.debenhams.com). Based on the above discussion, it can be stated that the aim of this research is to conduct the various research techniques, primarily the questionnaires and focus groups on the prospect customers and interviews from the company officials (as the later chapter of proposed study states). The underlying objective of the research would be to realize the realistic conditions and ground realities amongst the prospect customers that are they actually in a welcome mode for a new store in their respective region. It is important to absorb as many subtle cultural comments about the proposed stores as possible, so a relaxed survey and focus group environment is essential, yet the retailing concept being discussed must be as realistic to the respondent as possible. The absolute ideal situation would be to conduct the surveys in a complete simulation of the real version of the store being proposed, including fully-stocked display racks, lighting, flooring, sounds, smells, air conditioning, cash registers etc. and with realistic prices, so that the customer gets a clear idea of what they are being asked to pay for and why. If a full-scale mock-up is unaffordable a large-screen presentation of a virtual simulation of a store would be prove critical. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Retailing and Retail Business Dunne (2004, p 52) states, and is agreed by various authors such as Findlay (2002, p 105), Bruce (2004, p 60), Hinfelaar (2004, p 90) and Cateora (2002, p 205), that retail sector is one of the booming sectors in the global economy today, with not just boom associated but tremendous level of competition also associated to the line of business. Retailing business is mainly the approach from business to consumer, or more commonly stated as B2C approach of a business, whereby, the goods and services are transferred from business to consumers/customers via fixed locations such as departmental stores, display showrooms, etc (Journal of Retailing, p 140). Supermarkets, departmental stores, factory outlets, fast food, grocery shops, are prime examples of retailing business, while the real companies that can

Kants Ethical Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants Ethical Theory - Essay Example A number of great philosophers presented their views in the field of ethics. This paper intends to analyze only one of them, Kan Immanuel. (Hunt, 2009) As stated by Banham (2003), Immanuel Kant was a famous deontologist and holds a famous status during 18th and 19th centuries. Kant was a moderate rationalist, who based his ethical conclusions on reason rather than on empirical research or on introspection into the actual workings of the mind. He refused previous theories and attempted to find a middle way between the empiricists, who thought that all true judgments were either probable or analytic (true by definition), and the extreme rationalists, who thought that all true judgments were analytic. He argued in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) for the existence of a class of judgments that were synthetic rather than analytic and also a priori rather than a posteriori. Synthetic a priori judgments played a large role in all his thinking. Kant held a theory of value according to which the only thing good in itself and without qualification is a good will. That will is good which acts out of a sense of duty. When we turn to his theory of obligation we find that an act is not judged right by virtue of its consequences, actual or intended; rather it is right if it is done out of respect for moral law. (Banham, 2003) Dickerson (2003) affirms that during 1785 in his Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant claimed to be seeking "the supreme principle of morality." This he discovered in the "Categorical Imperative": "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." This principle is called an imperative because it tells us what kinds of actions we should perform, and it is called categorical rather than merely hypothetical because it commands actions of a certain kind without any regard for the practical effects they will have. For example, we should not make a deceitful promise to extricate ourselves from a difficulty not because we are likely to be found out or because lying causes harm to ourselves, but because it is logically impossible to will that everyone in such a situation should behave in the same way. It is logically impossible because universal adherence to the maxim to lie under such circumstances would destroy the institu tion of promise keeping. (Dickerson, 2003) Another formulation of the Categorical Imperative, which Kant called the "universal imperative of duty," is this: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature." A third formulation, based on the assumption that rational nature exists as an end in itself, is the following: "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any others, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end." Kant identified the Categorical Imperative as an a priori, synthetic, practical proposition that is, a proposition that is necessarily true, though not true by definition, and that pertains to conduct. (Dickerson, 2003) Kant presented two types of free will; 'Autonomy' and 'heteronomy'. Autonomy is the liberty to operate autonomously without any

The Great Depression Brought Changes to Art in Many Ways Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Brought Changes to Art in Many Ways Essay Life In America was more open and out going then normal. Jazz clubs opened up at mostly every block, where young vibrant people would go drink and dance the night away. This kind of social activity was looked down upon by older citizens that thought this kind of behavior was inappropriate. This would ultimately lead up to prohibition and the first time ver in American history an amendment was excused making alcohol illegal in the United States. This caused crime rates to skyrocket within American cities causing some of the most notorious gangsters in American history to emerge, such as A1 Capone. So many other things came out of the roaring 20s, such as inventions of the automobile, radio and airplanes, new fashion styles, skyscrapers and movies. With life changing, so did art. Mostly throughout the 1920s there were a variety of art movements and styles that were popular. Such as surrealism, Art Deco, reglonallsm and with new technologies came photography and also film. In 1929 the stock market crashed causing many people jobs and their life savings. Banks were continuing to fail and jobless workers would rely on crime and theft to support their families. With the stock market crash and many people in debt, this paved the way for many artists to express their feelings, through painting, architecture [pic]and photography. One of the most popular art movements during this time was known as American Scene painting. This art movement rejected the earlier European Modernist and abstract styles. It primarily depicted realistic scenes of American life. One of the famous American scene painters was Charles Sheeler and was known as a Precisionist painter. HIS paintings mainly consisted of simplified forms of American factories and buildings and used crisped defined edges with smooth brushwork throughout his paintings. Above is his famous work titled simply mostly found in American architecture, Jewelry, furniture, clothes and handcrafts through out the 1920s. Its geometrical design with parallel lines kept the sleekness style throughout the 1920s. Surrealism was originally formed in Europe and with art students from America they had brought the style over to the United States. Some of the most popular surrealist was Alexander Calder and Joseph Cornell. Calder was a sculptor and an engineer who was inspired by surrealist painters in Europe to sculpt and create moveable pieces of art. One of his famous works was Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. All of the parts moved, not mechanically, but with the wind. People think he was an abstract artist, but he wanted to stimulate the imagination. Regionalism was another art movement that was influenced by the American Scene painting. Grant Wood was a regionalist painter who focused on the everyday living in America. His American Gothic is a realistic painting of what appears to be a husband and wife in front of their farm house. But it is actually supposed to be an older Iowa farmer and his daughter. The Regionalist movement is divided into two groups. One is the social realist and was influenced by the social troubles of the lower class. The other was the Regionalist and they were more focused of the positive side of things (such as Grant Wood), hoping to drive America out of the depression. A Regionalist painter named Thomas Hart Benton, painted his Instruments of Power from the mural America today. Which shows a mural of all sorts of technological improvements during this time period. It consists of a train, plain, electric towers, steam engines and other symbols of industry. The social realists were primarily focused on the American worker and sought to change the hard economic times of the Great Depression. In fact, most of the social realists rejected idealism and focused their attention o n how the artists saw the subjects and depicted how they felt about the subject. Social realist style was associated with hard-edged muscular figures that are distorted and morphed. The movements main goal was to show struggles of the working America. The leading social realist during this time was Aaron Douglas, who was also the leading artists for the Harlem Renaissance. During World War l, million of African Americans moved to the north to look for jobs. In the south there was not much opportunity at all for African Americans. This would be later called the Great Migration. This would cause great racial tension in the north. In Harlem, eager to share their social thoughts with the rest of the world, African Americans would then explore their new surroundings and experiment with usic, writing and art that revolutionize the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas would be the forefront of the Harlem Renaissance. He would produce great works, such as Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction. This piece was meant for African Americans to realize they are part of this world and this country. The painting is a reenactment of the Emancipation Proclamati on, which suggests that Douglas was trying to reinforce their part in history. Douglass style was highly influenced abstract style. He would use a limited color palette in his paintings using a ariety of light and dark contrasts within his works. In contrast to Aaron Douglas, a young Jacob Lawrence would appear, painting a series called The Migration of the station. He used an abstract style and simple shapes that fits the forms of Cubism and African American folk art. In March 1933, newly elected president Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested a plan to revitalize the American economy. The plan was called the new deal and was simply a promise to the American people that this new plan would get America out of the economic depression. Many organizations came out of this new deal plan. For starving artist, this gave them a prime opportunity to make money and also to show their works of art. The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) was an organization that was going to give artist work. The PWAP did not last long but it gave artists a reviving boost. Then in 1935 a much similar organization established called the Federal Art Project (FAP) employed over 5,000 artists from 1935 to 1943. Artists such as Michael Lensin would benefit from this organization. His mural Mining gives a true understanding of the American worker. Much of the FAP art were murals, sculptures nd frescos that still exist throughout the country. Most of the subject matter in these works of art was mainly about American struggle and American prosperity and achievements. These organizations would not Just produce painters, but would also produce great photographers that would capture real live images of people. This new technology would then revolutionize photography and will inspire future photographe rs throughout history. Photography was the most popular forms of art during the Great Depression. With new technology for cameras it was easy for photographers to capture images everywhere they went. The photographs captured real people with real struggles. It also captured the harsh reality of the Great Depression. Many photographers would go a different course and try to promote more positive images such as young people dancing and having a good time. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) would hire these photographers to capture certain images to promote positive life. The Great Depression was a time period when people needed to see the harsh realities of the Depression and how it effect people, especially the lower class citizens. A photographer such as Walker Evans was known as one of the masters of hotography. He took pictures of many people during the Great Depression and showed the grueling struggles of Americans. Walkers use of lighting, composition and capturing great detail was what made him a pioneer in the photography world. His photos of sharecroppers and immigrants during the Depression show the harsh realities of their situation. He was hired by the Farm Securit y Administration (FSA) to take a series of photographs of families living in run down homes. A photo taken in 1936 shows a family living in poor and dirty conditions posing in front of the camera. They all look run down and defeated. He placed them directly into the center of photograph making sure that they were the focal point of this picture. You can see throughout the picture Just how terrible these living conditions were. He would then carry out more series of photographs of the lower class during the Great Depression. imagery of the Depression to show viewers the impact of the struggling economy. The Farm Security Administration was aware of how photographs impacted public thought. There are Pictures such as mioung Girls Knitting Stockings in Southern Hosiery Mill by Lewis W. Hine, which shows girls in a factory working in a harsh tmosphere. This was an earlier photo taken during World War l. He would then focus more on the progress of America. He took an extraordinary photo called Rivetting on the dome, a quarter mile up. It was a photo taken of workers during the construction of the Empire State building. Some photographers took pictures of the positive, many photographers were more curious about the stru ggles during the Great Depression. One photographer in particular was Dorothea Langes

Of Mice and Men - Curleys Wife Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Curleys Wife Essay Curleys wife is the only women in the ranch, as we learned from the previous chapters, and is not given a name as she is seen as Curleys property. First destined to be an actress as she recounts to Lennie, Candy and Crooks, her chances were taken away by her mother who thought she was too young and she so ended up at the ranch by marrying Curley, concerned in getting away from her opportunity-breaker mother as soon as possible. From this we can already observe her high self-esteem, thinking it was only because of her mother that she didnt end up in acting, not because of her possible lack of great talent. But marrying Curley wasnt maybe finally the best choice. Confined almost all day in a two-by-four house, she has to listen to her men-hater husbands only conversation about what he is going to do to the fellows he doesnt like, or to support his non-care about her. She doesnt like him, says he is too selfish and proud of himself (we can notice that these are also two of her self-characteristics). These facts lead her to become lonely and hostile to men, regarding them as responsible for her bad situation. The only benefit she uses from her marriage is her superiority against the other men, being the wife of the bosss son and so having the power of having them fired, power from which she abuses, for example by forcing Lennie, Crooks and Candy to speak to her. This shows her manipulative and intelligent character but also her tremendous loneliness. She is mean, bitter and prejudiced against them (she calls them the weak ones, hobos, and discriminates them by treating them respectively of dum-dum, nigger and lousy old sheep), but she has an irrepressible need to talk to them.

Interaction Between Two Anionic Dyes and Cationic Surfactant

Interaction Between Two Anionic Dyes and Cationic Surfactant The interaction of the triphenylmethane dye xylenol orange with cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and principal component analysis of infrared spectra by A. Gojmerac IvÃ… ¡ic ´ et al. [24]. Upon the addition of surfactants the yellow color of the acidic xylenol orange solution changed to purple-red. Changes in the absorption spectra of the mixture indicate strong interactions between dye and surfactants. These interactions were also monitored using ATR spectroscopy and the most prominent changes were observed in the vibration of the carbonyl group. The comparison of principal component loadings obtained from spectral data matrices for xylenol orange and mixtures of xylenol orange with surfactants revealed differences in infrared spectra caused only by the interaction of the surfactants with the dye. The interactions of Acid Green 25 (AG), an anionic dye, with two cationic surfactants tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous solutions far below the CMC are studied at different temperatures using the conductometric method by H. Dezhampanah et. al. [25]. Various thermodynamic functions and equilibrium constants for the process of dye-surfactant ion pair formation were calculated using the conductometric data. There results indicate that the longer hydrophobic chain surfactants had a greater tendency and higher equilibrium constant as compared to shorter hydrophobic chain surfactants and short range, non-electrostatic interactions along with long range electrostatic forces have a significant influence on dye surfactant ion pair formation. Interaction of a food dye, tartrazine, with some cationic conventional and gemini surfactants, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), N,N-ditetradecyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-N,N-butanediyl-diammonium dibromide (14,4,14), and N,N-didodecyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-N,N- butanediyl-diammonium dibromide (12,4,12), were first investigated comprehensively by A. Asadzadeh Shahir et al. [26], employing conductometry, tensiometry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Tartrazine was found to behave in the same manner as aromatic counterions. The formation of ion pairs reflected as a considerable increase of the surfactant efficiency in tensiometry plots and their stoichiometry were determined by Job’s method of continuous variations. For the tartrazine/TTAB system, nonionic DS3, ionic DS2-, and/or DS2 ion pairs, their small premicelles, and tartrazine rich micelles were constituted as well as dye-containing TTAB-rich micelles. Insoluble J-aggregates of DS ion pairs and cylindrical surfactant-rich micelles were also formed in tartrazine/gemini surfactant systems and recognized by transmission electron microscopy. The zeta potential and the size of the aggregates were determined using dynamic light scattering and confirmed the suggested models for the processes happening in each system. Cyclic voltammetry was applied successfully to track all of these species using tartrazine’s own reduction peak current for the first time. Reza Hosseinzadeh et al. [27] investigated the solubilization and interaction of azo-dye light yellow (X6G) at/with cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) spectrophotometricaly. The effect of cationic micelles on solubilization of anionic azo dye in aqueous micellar solutions of cationic surfactants was studied at pH 7 and 25 à ¢- ¦C. The binding of dye to micelles implied a bathochromic shift in dye absorption spectra that indicates dye–surfactant interaction. The results showed that the solubility of dye increased with increasing surfactant concentration, as a consequence of the association between the dye and the micelles. The binding constants, Kb, were obtained from experimental absorption spectra. By using pseudo-phase model, the partition coefficients between the bulk water and surfactant micelles, Kx, were calculated. Gibbs energies of binding and distribution of dye between the bulk water and surfactant micelle s were estimated. The results show favorable solubilization of dye in CTAB micelles. The aggregation induced by Alizarin Yellow R (AYR) in the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was investigated by measuring their UV–visible absorption spectra by M. F. Nazar et al. [28]. Conductance measurements as a function of surfactant concentration below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were studied. CTAB aggregation takes place at the concentration far below its normal CMC in the presence of AYR. Both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions affect the aggregation process in aqueous solution. Different parameters obtained from spectroscopic measurements and conductance data indicate an enhanced solubility of AYR dye in the micellar region. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the dye molecule effectively reduces intermolecular attraction, thereby increasing solubility in non-polar solvents (micelles). Medium effects on the position of the long wavelength absorption band of the azo dye characterize it as a pH chromic reporter molecule. A partitioning study of the solubilized system provides useful insight into the process of solubilization that is applicable to the general problem of membrane solubilization properties and in drug delivery to quantify the degree of drug-micelle interaction. The partition coefficient value obtained is important in micellar electro–kinetic capillary chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug quality control. Thus, interaction with micellar aggregates induces significant pKa shifts of Alizarin Yellow R that can be rationalized in terms of the partitioning of species and electrostatic contribution. Likewise, knowledge of the effects of organic additives on the CMC of surfactants is used both for theoretical and practical purposes because some additives are likely to be present as impurities or byproducts in the manufacturing of surfactants and their presence may cause significant differences in supposedly similar commercial surfactants. Eosin B and eosin Y have been used to estimate micro- and submicrogram quantities of proteins respectively. A.A. Waheed et al. [29] describe the mechanism of eosin binding to proteins. At pH lower than 3.0 the absorbance of unbound dye is greatly reduced. After the dye binds to protein, the absorption maximum of the dye changes from 514 to 530  ± 5 nm. The absorbance and bathochromatic shift in absorption maximum of the protein–dye complex are proportional to the concentration of protein. The pH of the assay solution does not change due to protein. Arginine, histidine, and lysine (at both acidic and neutral pH) and tryptophan (at acidic pH) residues of a protein bind electrostatically to carboxylic and phenolic groups of the dye to produce a stable water-soluble protein–dye complex. The binding constants of eosin B with poly-L-arginine, poly-L-histidine, poly-L-lysine, and poly-L-tryptophan at pH 1.96 are 0.37, 0.32, 0.33 and 0.33 nmol/nmol of amino acid, respectively . The binding constants of eosin B and eosin Y with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 1.96 are essentially the same, i.e., 0.82 nmol/nmol of reactive amino acid of BSA. The binding constant varies with solution pH so that a wide range of protein concentrations can be estimated. The reason for the higher absorbance of protein–eosin Y complex compared to that of protein–eosin B complex is discussed. Javadian et al. [30] studied the interaction of Congo Red (CR) with a series of Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CnTAB), N-hexadecyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) and N-hexadecyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) using conductometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy technique. Job’s method of continuous variations demonstrated that only DS complexes are formed in the studied mixtures. The formation of DS complexes results in decreasing the systems order so it is an enthalpy-driven reaction under the influence of both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The amount of ion pairs forming through the process is highly dependent on physical conditions and structure of the dyes and the surfactants such as chain length, head group and counterion. By increasing the length in the hydrophobic chain or the charge density of headgroup of a cationic surfactant, the strength of dye-surfactant interaction increases. In addition, the results show that the counter ion has no significant effect on dye-surfact ant interaction. The tendency to form DS complexes decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 298.0-313.0 K. K. Fujio et al. [31] examined the effect of added salt on micelle size, shape, and structure the solubilization of Orange OT in aqueous NaBr solutions of decylpyridinium bromide (DePB), dodecylpyridinium bromide (DPB), tetradecylpyridinium bromide (TPB), and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (CPB). The solubilization powers of DePB and DPB micelles increase with increasing NaBr concentration up to 2.86 and 3.07 mol dm–3, respectively, but above these concentrations remain unaltered. This suggests that spherical micelles of DePB and DPB can have a maximum and constant size at NaBr concentrations higher than these threshold concentrations. On the other hand, the solubilization powers of TPB and CPB micelles increase in the whole range of NaBr concentration studied. The dependencies of the solubilization powers of their micelles on the counterion concentration change at 0.10 and 0.03 mol dm–3 NaBr, respectively, as suggests that TPB and CPB micelles undergo the sphere–rod transition at those concentrations. Orange OT is a more suitable probe for detecting the presence of the maximum- and constant-size spherical micelle than Sudan Red B. The interactions between two anionic dyes and a cationic surfactant were studied by conductometric technique by A. A. Rafati et al. [32]. The conductance of aqueous solutions of methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) was measured in the presence of a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) at different temperatures in water–ethanol, water–propanol and water–butanol mixed solvents, containing different concentration of alcohols. The equilibrium constants and other thermodynamic functions for the process of dye–surfactant ion pair formation were calculated on the basis of a theoretical model. The results showed that the presence of alcohol, as well as increasing the length of the alcohol chain, decreases the tendency for ion pair formation. The results have shown that an increase in temperature lowers the tendency for ion pair formation as the equilibrium constants decrease with increasing temperature. According to the results, long range as well as short range interactions are responsible for the formation of the ion pair. The importance of long range electrical forces is basically to bring the dye anion and the surfactant cation close enough to enable the action of short range interactions whose contribution represents the major part of the standard free energy change for the formation of the anionic dye–cationic surfactant ion pair. By using the association constant (K1) for the first step of the association [D+S+→(DS) °], the standard free energy change, standard enthalpy change, and standard entropy change of the association were calculated at low surfactant concentrations.

The Search for Christian America: History’s Echo Essay -- Christianit

In The Search for Christian America historians Mark A. Noll, Nathan O. Hatch and George M. Marsden address the recent insurgence of desire to return to the American nation’s â€Å"Christian Heritage†; a call to revisit the solid and revered foundations of the colonial period (15). This premise frames the authors’ two-part thesis: first, that America was never a Christian nation and secondly, that the very concept of a Christian nation, after the time of Christ, can be harmful to Christian action and effectiveness within society (17). This assertion, and the evidence which surrounds it, proves that Christians find great value in elements of the founding. When considering the reason behind this assumption the authors suggest many possibilities: love of a glorious myth, preaching and identification with the Mosaic prophecy, a â€Å"city on the hill† mentality, and or nationalistic necessity (108-116). However, these points still with standing, the author s do not fully develop the possibility that Protestants doctrinally resonate with the ideals of the founding. The authors do assert that many use the past as a mirror simply reflecting one’s already established views: â€Å"by a subtle and often unconscious process we pick out . . . those strands which reinforce our point of view† (145, 148). This paper will attempt to bring these two concepts together: asserting that the ideals of the founding, mainly liberty, freedom and individualism, are mirrored in Protestant doctrine itself, providing an echo American Christians can identify with, allowing reverence to be felt toward the founding and urgency to drive the search for Christian America. Toward the end of the text the authors set out to explain the difficulties and the necessity of â€Å"openi... ...ce of similar values or familiar echo, only uphold â€Å" a high regard for our country and its heritage. But . . . not, in the words of the Psalmist (118:9), ‘put confidence in princes’ instead of taking ‘refuge in the Lord† (102). Bibliography Luther, Martin. â€Å"The Appeal to the German Nobility.† In Documents of the Christian Church, edited by Henry Bettenson, 192-197. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. --------------------Concerning Christian Liberty. Vol. XXXVI, Part 6. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14. Bartleby.com, 2001. www.bartleby.com/36/6/. (accessed Jan. 21, 2012). Calvin, John. "John Calvin: Institutes of Christian Religion." Translated by Henry Beveridge, Esq. Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics. http://www.reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/books/institutes/. (accessed Jan. 21, 2012).